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Home

Technical Articles

Database

Mysql Tutorial

Establishing Connections to a MySQL Server

To successfully connect to the MySQL server, you must meet the prerequisites such as service operation, correct address account, and open ports. It can be achieved through command line or graphical tools. First, make sure the MySQL service is running, confirm the server address (such as localhost or remote IP), use an account password with access permissions, and check whether the 3306 port is open; then use the command line to execute mysql-h[host name]-u[user name]-p to connect, and enter the MySQL interface after entering the password; you can also select MySQLWorkbench, Navicat and other graphical tools to fill in the host name, port number, user name and password and test the connection; if you need to connect remotely, you should create a user that allows remote access (such as C).

Jul 06, 2025 am 02:17 AM

mysql connect

Configuring connection limits and timeouts in MySQL

To optimize the connection limit and timeout settings of MySQL, the following parameters should be configured reasonably: 1. Set the maximum number of connections (max_connections) to meet concurrency needs, view and modify the values ??in the configuration file, and pay attention to memory usage; 2. Control the idle connection timeout (wait_timeout and interactive_timeout), it is recommended to set it to 600 seconds to free up resources; 3. Avoid connection storms, adjust the back_log queue size and enable the connection_control plug-in to limit the connection frequency; 4. Adjust the retry strategy after the connection fails, and appropriately increase the connect_timeout, net_read_timeout and

Jul 06, 2025 am 02:12 AM

mysql Connection limits

Mechanism and Configuration of MySQL Replication

MySQL master-slave replication realizes data synchronization through BinaryLog. The main library records write operations to BinaryLog. The slave library obtains logs through I/O threads and writes them to RelayLog. Then the SQL thread executes the statements in the log to keep the data consistent. 1. The main library needs to enable BinaryLog and set a unique server-id; 2. Create a dedicated replication account and authorize it; 3. Set different server-ids from the slave library and recommend enabling relay-log; 4. Use mysqldump to obtain a snapshot of the main library and import the slave library; 5. Configure the CHANGEMASTER parameters and start the replication thread; 6. Check Slave_IO_Running and Slave_SQL_

Jul 06, 2025 am 02:06 AM

Configuration mysql copy

Configuring MySQL Server System Variables for Optimal Performance

MySQL performance optimization requires reasonable configuration of system variables. 1. Priority is given to adjusting variables with great influence: For example, innodb_buffer_pool_size controls memory cache, max_connections determines the upper limit of connection, and old versions focus on querying cache parameters. 2. Adjust according to hardware and load: the memory allocation should be moderate, the number of connections should not be too high, and the temporary table and the sorting buffer should match the query characteristics. 3. Avoid misunderstandings: do not blindly follow other people's configurations, gradually adjust and monitor the effect, and note that some variables need to be restarted and taken effect. 4. Continuous optimization combined with log analysis to improve database stability and efficiency.

Jul 06, 2025 am 02:05 AM

mysql Performance optimization

Implementing High Availability Solutions for MySQL

The core of MySQL high availability solution lies in master-slave replication, automatic failure switching, data consistency guarantee and backup strategy. The specific steps are as follows: 1. Build master-slave replication, it is recommended to use asynchronous or semi-synchronous replication, and enable GTID and relaylog; 2. Introduce tools such as MHA and Orchestrator to achieve automatic switching of failures, pay attention to monitoring frequency and data integrity; 3. Regularly use pt-table-checksum to verify data consistency, and write operations are preferred to the main library; 4. Formulate backup strategies, backup full and hourly incremental daily, and regularly test the recovery process.

Jul 06, 2025 am 02:04 AM

mysql High availability

Developing and Utilizing Stored Procedures in MySQL

Stored procedures are powerful tools in MySQL that improve performance, simplify application code, and enhance security by encapsulating complex logic inside a database. To effectively develop and use stored procedures, you need to understand their definitions and applicable scenarios, and follow good coding practices: 1. Create with CREATEPROCEDURE and call through CALL; 2. Use IN, OUT and INOUT parameters reasonably; 3. Maintain code readability, including consistent format, adding comments and splitting complex logic; 4. Add error handling mechanisms to improve robustness; 5. Use in batch operations, complex queries and other scenarios, but avoid using them when you are not familiar with SQL or heavily relying on ORM.

Jul 06, 2025 am 02:03 AM

mysql stored procedure

Identifying and Resolving Deadlocks in MySQL Transactions

Deadlock is a circular dependency state caused by multiple transactions waiting for each other to release lock resources in MySQL concurrent operations. The reasons for this include cross-updating different records in transactions, and inversely requesting the lock held by the other party after holding the lock. To view the deadlock log, you can use the SHOWENGINEINNODBSTATUS\G command to analyze the SQL statements, tables, lock types and request lock situations in the "LATESTDETECTEDDEADLOCK" section. Common avoidance strategies include: 1. Unified access order; 2. Shorten transaction time; 3. Use appropriate indexes; 4. Sort by primary key in batches; 5. Set a retry mechanism. In addition, range locks and different locking paths may also cause deadlocks, and query conditions and index design need to be comprehensively considered.

Jul 06, 2025 am 01:05 AM

deadlock mysql transaction

Troubleshooting high CPU load on a MySQL server

Excessive MySQLCPU usage is usually caused by slow queries, improper configuration, or excessive concurrent access. First, query that has long execution time and does not use indexes should be checked and optimized, and log location problems should be located through SHOWPROCESSLIST and slow query; secondly, analyze the EXPLAIN results to avoid temporary tables and filesort; then reasonably configure parameters such as innodb\_buffer\_pool\_size, max\_connections; finally control concurrent access through connection pooling, limiting the number of connections and execution time.

Jul 06, 2025 am 12:17 AM

mysql CPU load

Effective MySQL backup and recovery strategies

The key to MySQL database backup and recovery is to ensure backup integrity, rapid recovery capabilities and verification mechanisms. 1. Choose the appropriate backup method: logical backup (mysqldump) is suitable for small data volume and cross-version migration, physical backup (such as PerconaXtraBackup) is suitable for large data volume and low latency scenarios, file system or cloud snapshot is suitable for cloud environments, and it is recommended to use logical physical backup in combination. 2. Develop reasonable frequency and retention strategies: The transaction system recommends incremental backups every day or every few hours. Content-based websites can provide full daily historical backups every day, retain daily backups for the last 7 days, reserve the first week of each month for one month, and retain the backup at the end of the year for a long time, and automatically clean up old backups. 3. Ensure backups are restored and regularly

Jul 05, 2025 am 02:46 AM

mysql backup mysql recovery

Handling NULL Values in MySQL Columns and Queries

When handling NULL values ??in MySQL, please note: 1. When designing the table, the key fields are set to NOTNULL, and optional fields are allowed NULL; 2. ISNULL or ISNOTNULL must be used with = or !=; 3. IFNULL or COALESCE functions can be used to replace the display default values; 4. Be cautious when using NULL values ??directly when inserting or updating, and pay attention to the data source and ORM framework processing methods. NULL represents an unknown value and does not equal any value, including itself. Therefore, be careful when querying, counting, and connecting tables to avoid missing data or logical errors. Rational use of functions and constraints can effectively reduce interference caused by NULL.

Jul 05, 2025 am 02:46 AM

mysql null value

Implementing effective indexing strategies for large MySQL tables

An effective indexing strategy needs to be combined with query patterns, data distribution and business needs, rather than blindly added. 1. Understand common query paths, prioritize the establishment of joint indexes for multi-field combination, sorting or grouping operations, and pay attention to index order; 2. Avoid excessive indexing to reduce write overhead, regularly clean redundant indexes, and view unused indexes through the system view; 3. Use overlay indexes to make the index itself contain the fields required for query, reduce table back operations, and improve reading efficiency; 4. Consider partitioning and indexing for super-large tables, select partition keys that are consistent with the query conditions, and establish a reasonable index for each partition, but the complexity and performance improvement are required.

Jul 05, 2025 am 02:46 AM

Performance optimization mysql index

Understanding Case Sensitivity Rules in MySQL

MySQL case rules depend on the operating system and configuration. 1. The case sensitivity of table names and database names depends on the operating system. By default, it is distinguished in Linux, Windows is not distinguished, and macOS is not distinguished, and is controlled by the lower_case_table_names parameter; 2. Column names are usually not case sensitive, but are affected by the SQL mode. Alias ??are recommended to be unified in style; 3. The comparison of field content is determined by character sets and sorting rules. Collation at the end of _ci is not case sensitive, and _cs or _bin is distinguished; 4. Development suggests uniformly using lowercase naming, keeping the environment consistent, clearly specifying the sorting rules, and paying attention to the handling of ORM tools.

Jul 05, 2025 am 02:45 AM

Aggregating data with GROUP BY and HAVING clauses in MySQL

GROUPBY is used to group data by field and perform aggregation operations, and HAVING is used to filter the results after grouping. For example, using GROUPBYcustomer_id can calculate the total consumption amount of each customer; using HAVING can filter out customers with a total consumption of more than 1,000. The non-aggregated fields after SELECT must appear in GROUPBY, and HAVING can be conditionally filtered using an alias or original expressions. Common techniques include counting the number of each group, grouping multiple fields, and filtering with multiple conditions.

Jul 05, 2025 am 02:42 AM

mysql group by

Paginating Results with LIMIT and OFFSET in MySQL

MySQL paging is commonly implemented using LIMIT and OFFSET, but its performance is poor under large data volume. 1. LIMIT controls the number of each page, OFFSET controls the starting position, and the syntax is LIMITNOFFSETM; 2. Performance problems are caused by excessive records and discarding OFFSET scans, resulting in low efficiency; 3. Optimization suggestions include using cursor paging, index acceleration, and lazy loading; 4. Cursor paging locates the starting point of the next page through the unique value of the last record of the previous page, avoiding OFFSET, which is suitable for "next page" operation, and is not suitable for random jumps.

Jul 05, 2025 am 02:41 AM

mysql Pagination