? ????? Python? ?? I/O, Open () ??? ? ?? ( 'r', 'w', 'a', 'x', 'b', 't', '')? ??? ???. ?? (read (), readline (), readlines ()) ? ??, ?? ?? (try-excrect ??) ? BES? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

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Python? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. The core functionality revolves around the open() function, which takes the file path and a mode as arguments. ??? ??? ????? :

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To read a file, you typically use the open() function with the 'r' mode (read mode) and then use methods like read() , readline() , or readlines() to access the file's content.

 <code class="python"># Open a file for reading try: with open("my_file.txt", "r") as file: # Read the entire file content at once contents = file.read() print(contents) # Read the file line by line file.seek(0) # Reset the file pointer to the beginning for line in file: print(line, end="") # end="" prevents extra newline # Read all lines into a list file.seek(0) lines = file.readlines() print(lines) except FileNotFoundError: print("File not found.") except Exception as e: print(f"An error occurred: {e}")</code>

This example demonstrates three ways to read: read() reads everything at once, iterating with for line in file reads line by line, and readlines() reads all lines into a list. The with open(...) as file: construct ensures the file is automatically closed even if errors occur.

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??? ???? 'W'(??) ??, 'A'(Append) ?? ?? 'X'(?? ??) ??? ??? ??????. The write() method adds content to the file.

 <code class="python">try: with open("my_new_file.txt", "w") as file: file.write("This is the first line.\n") file.write("This is the second line.\n") with open("my_new_file.txt", "a") as file: #Append mode file.write("This line is appended.\n") except Exception as e: print(f"An error occurred: {e}")</code>

'w'? ?? ???? ?? ??, 'a'? ?? ???? 'x'? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. Remember to include newline characters ( \n ) for proper line breaks.

?? I/O? Python?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????

Python's open() function supports several file access modes, each dictating how the file is handled:

• 'r' (read): Opens the file for reading. ??? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????.
• 'w' (write): Opens the file for writing. ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???.
• 'x' (exclusive creation): Opens the file for writing only if it doesn't already exist. ??? ???? ??? ?????.
• 'a' (append): Opens the file for writing. ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ? ??? ?????.
• 'b' (binary): Used in conjunction with other modes ('rb', 'wb', 'ab', 'xb'). ?? ??? ??? ?? ?. ???? ?? ?? (???, ?? ?? ?)? ?????.
• 't' (text): Used in conjunction with other modes ('rt', 'wt', 'at', 'xt'). ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? Newline ???? ?????.
• ' ' (update): Used with other modes ('r ', 'w ', 'a ', 'x '). ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????. 'r'? ???? ?? ??, 'w'? ?? ??, 'a'? ?????.

? ??? ?? ? ? ????. For instance, "r b" opens a file for both reading and writing in binary mode.

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?? I/O ??? ?? ??, ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????. The most common approach is using try-except blocks:

 <code class="python">try: with open("my_file.txt", "r") as file: # ... file operations ... except FileNotFoundError: print("File not found. Creating a new file...") with open("my_file.txt", "w") as file: file.write("File created.") except PermissionError: print("Permission denied. Check file permissions.") except OSError as e: print(f"An operating system error occurred: {e}") except Exception as e: #catch any other exception print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")</code>

This example catches specific exceptions ( FileNotFoundError , PermissionError , OSError ) for more informative error handling and a generic Exception to catch any other potential issues. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????.

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? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ????.

• Iterate line by line: Avoid loading the entire file into memory at once. Iterate through the file line by line using a for loop as shown in the first example. ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.
• Use buffered I/O: The io.BufferedReader and io.BufferedWriter classes provide buffered I/O, which significantly improves performance by reducing the number of disk accesses.
• Generators: For very large files, using generators can further improve memory efficiency. ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????.
• Chunking: Read and write the file in chunks of a specific size instead of processing it all at once. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????.
• Memory Mapping: For random access to large files, consider using mmap (memory mapping). ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ? ????.

 <code class="python">import io import mmap #Chunking Example chunk_size = 1024 with open("large_file.txt", "r") as file: while True: chunk = file.read(chunk_size) if not chunk: break #Process the chunk #... #Memory Mapping Example with open("large_file.txt", "r b") as f: mm = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0) #0 means map the entire file #Access specific parts of the file using mm[start:end] mm.close()</code>

??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??, ???? ????? ??? ? I/O? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ? ????. For extremely large files that exceed available RAM, consider using specialized libraries like Dask or Vaex that handle out-of-core computation.

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