How do I define policies for Eloquent models?
Jun 20, 2025 am 12:15 AM
To define and use policies in Laravel's Eloquent ORM effectively, follow these steps: 1. Create a policy class using the Artisan command php artisan make:policy PostPolicy --model=Post to generate a model-specific or standalone policy. 2. Register the policy in AuthServiceProvider.php by mapping the model to its policy inside the $policies array. 3. Define authorization methods like update, view, or delete in the policy class, each accepting a User and optionally a model instance to enforce rules such as ownership checks. 4. Enforce policies in controllers via $this->authorize(), in middleware using can:update,post, or in Blade templates with @can directives, ensuring clean, maintainable, and consistent access control throughout your application.
When working with Laravel's Eloquent ORM, defining policies helps you manage authorization logic in a clean and organized way. The main idea is to separate access control from your controllers by using dedicated policy classes.
Here’s how you can define and use policies for Eloquent models effectively.
1. Create a Policy Class
The first step is to generate a policy class. Laravel provides an Artisan command that makes this easy:
php artisan make:policy PostPolicy --model=Post
This creates a PostPolicy class inside the app/Policies directory and automatically binds it to the Post model.
If you want a standalone policy (not tied to a specific model), just omit the --model option.
Tip: Make sure the Policies directory exists under app. If not, create it manually.
2. Register Policies in the Service Provider
Once created, you need to register your policy so Laravel knows which model it belongs to.
Open AppServiceProvider.php (or better yet, a dedicated service provider like AuthServiceProvider.php) and add the mapping inside the boot() method:
use App\Models\Post;
use App\Policies\PostPolicy;
protected $policies = [
Post::class => PostPolicy::class,
];This tells Laravel to use PostPolicy when checking permissions for the Post model.
Important: Don’t forget to import both the model and the policy at the top of the file.
3. Define Authorization Rules Inside the Policy
Each method in your policy corresponds to an action — like view, create, update, or delete.
Here’s what a basic PostPolicy might look like:
public function update(User $user, Post $post)
{
return $user->id === $post->user_id;
}This means only the user who owns the post can edit it.
You can also define a before method in your policy for global checks — like allowing admins to do anything before individual rules are evaluated.
4. Use Policies in Your Application
Now that your policy is set up, you can check permissions in several ways:
- In Controllers (Recommended):
$post = Post::findOrFail($id);
$this->authorize('update', $post);- In Middleware:
Route::put('/posts/{post}', function (Post $post) {
// Logic here
})->middleware('can:update,post');- In Blade Templates:
@can('update', $post)
<button>Edit</button>
@endcanThese methods keep your views and controllers clean while enforcing consistent access rules.
Final Notes
Setting up policies takes a few steps, but once they're in place, managing authorization becomes much easier and scalable. It’s especially helpful as your app grows and you have more roles and conditions to handle.
Make sure to name your policy methods clearly and keep related logic grouped together. Also, don’t forget to test different user roles to ensure your rules behave as expected.
That’s basically it. Not too bad once you get the hang of it.
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