In Go language, embedded structures are a mechanism to implement code reuse. By embedding one structure as an anonymous field into another structure, achieving an inheritance effect; 1. Embed structures only need to write the target structure type as an anonymous field to the new structure definition; 2. After embedding, the fields and methods of the embedded structure can be directly accessed, and the Go compiler will automatically handle and improve; 3. Support multiple embeddings, but if there is field conflict, you need to explicitly specify the source; 4. You can choose to embed structure values ??or pointers, the former copy data independently, and the latter share data; 5. This feature helps to improve code readability and maintenance, and is an important means to organize complex models.
In Go language, struct embedding is a very practical feature that allows you to embed one structure directly into another, thus achieving an "inheritance" effect similar to object-oriented. Although Go does not support traditional class inheritance, through structure embedding, fields and methods can be easily reused.
Basic syntax: How to embed a structure
Embedding a structure is very simple. You only need to write another structure type as an anonymous field when defining the structure:
type User struct {
Name string
Email string
}
type Admin struct {
User // This is the structure embedding Level int
} In this way, Admin struct has all the fields in User , and you can access the fields embedded in the struct just like you access your own fields:
a := Admin{}
a.Name = "John" // Direct access to User's field a.Email = "john@example.com"
a.Level = 5This method is very suitable for code reuse and also makes the structure clearer.
The method will also be automatically promoted
Not only will the fields be "uplifted", but if the embedded structure has methods, these methods will also be "inherited" by the outer structure:
func (u User) PrintInfo() {
fmt.Printf("Name: %s, Email: %s\n", u.Name, u.Email)
}
a := Admin{User: User{Name: "John", Email: "john@example.com"}, Level: 5}
a.PrintInfo() // You can directly call the User methodIt should be noted that this kind of "inheritance" is not a real inheritance, but just a convenient grammatical writing method. The Go compiler will automatically help you find the corresponding method or field.
Multiple embedding and field conflict handling
You can embed multiple structures in one structure:
type A struct {
X int
}
type B struct {
X float64
}
type C struct {
A
B
} At this time, accessing X will conflict because both embedded structures have X fields. The solution is to explicitly specify the source:
c := C{}
cAX = 10
cBX = 3.14Although this conflict is not common, you should be careful when designing structures to avoid confusion.
Embed pointer vs Embed value
In addition to embedding structures directly, you can also embed structure pointers:
type Admin struct {
*User
Level int
} The advantage of using pointer embedding is to share data, not copy a copy. But also note that if the original User instance is modified, all structures that reference it will be affected.
- If you want the fields to be independent, use value embed;
- If you want to share the state, use pointer embed.
This is especially important when designing APIs or building complex models.
Basically that's it. Structural embedding is an important means in Go to organize code and improve readability and reusability. After understanding its mechanism, you can write more concise and easier to maintain programs.
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