To set timeouts for HTTP clients in Go, you should first use the Timeout field of http.Client to achieve overall timeout control, and secondly, you can achieve a more fine-grained phase timeout setting through custom Transport. 1. Use http.Client{Timeout: time.Second * 10} to limit the maximum time consumption of the entire request cycle; 2. By customizing http.Transport, you can set the DialContext.Timeout to control the connection timeout, ResponseHeaderTimeout to control the response header waiting time, etc.; 3. When the timeout, logs should be recorded, error types should be judged, and whether to retry or adopt a circuit downgrade strategy to improve system robustness and fault tolerance.
Setting a timeout is critical for HTTP clients in Go, especially in production environments. If the appropriate timeout is not set, it may cause the connection or read and write operations to hang indefinitely, which will affect the stability of the entire service.
How to set a timeout for HTTP Client?
Go's net/http package provides a flexible way to control request timeouts. The core lies in using the Timeout field in the http.Client structure:
client := &http.Client{
Timeout: 10 * time.Second,
}After this setting, the total time of the entire request (including connection, write, and read) cannot exceed 10 seconds. Once the timeout is timed out, an error will be returned, and you can determine the subsequent operations by judging the error type.
It should be noted that this Timeout is for the entire request cycle. If you need more fine-grained control, such as limiting the timeout of the connection phase, you can combine it with Transport .
Fine-grained timeout control: Custom Transport
Sometimes you may want to make different timeout settings for different stages (such as establishing a connection, sending a request, waiting for a response). At this time, you can implement it by customizing http.Transport :
transport := &http.Transport{
DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
Timeout: 5 * time.Second, // Connection timeout KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second, // TCP keep alive}).DialContext,
ResponseHeaderTimeout: 10 * time.Second, // Response header timeout}
client := &http.Client{
Transport: transport,
Timeout: 20 * time.Second, // Overall maximum timeout}This configuration method is more suitable for complex scenarios. For example, when calling an external interface in a microservice, it can avoid a certain stage of stuckness and overall failure.
Common configuration items include:
-
DialContext.Timeout: Controls the time when TCP connection is established -
ResponseHeaderTimeout: Controls the maximum waiting time for response headers to be received from the server -
TLSHandshakeTimeout: Controls TLS handshake time -
ExpectContinueTimeout: Controls the time when the client waits for 100 Continue response after sending a partial request
Solutions to deal with timeout
When the request timed out, a context deadline exceeded or similar error message is usually returned. At this time you should:
- Logging and analyzing whether it is an occasional problem
- Decide whether to try again based on business needs
- If it is a request on a critical path, consider a circuit breaker or downgrade mechanism
The example error judgment is as follows:
resp, err := client.Do(req)
if err != nil {
if netErr, ok := err.(net.Error); ok && netErr.Timeout() {
fmt.Println("request timeout")
} else {
fmt.Println("other error:", err)
}
}Reasonable handling of timeout errors will help improve the robustness and fault tolerance of the system.
Basically that's it.
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