

What is a high-speed public chain? What types of high-speed public chains are there in the currency circle?
Jul 09, 2025 pm 07:24 PMThe high-speed public chain is a new generation of blockchain that optimizes the blockchain architecture and consensus mechanism to improve scalability, which is mainly reflected in high TPS, fast transaction finality and low Gas fees. Its mainstream technology paths include: 1. The new generation of high-performance Layers 1 such as Solana, Avalanche, Aptos and Sui, which adopt innovative consensus and parallel processing to improve performance; 2. The Ethereum Layer 2 expansion solutions such as Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rolups improve efficiency through off-chain execution and inherit the security of the main network; 3. Modular blockchains such as Celestia, which split blockchain functional modules to achieve efficient division of labor. These solutions jointly promote the development of blockchain to large-scale applications.
What is a high-speed public chain?
High-speed public chains usually refer to blockchain networks that focus on optimizing scalability in the blockchain "impossible triangle" theory (i.e. decentralization, security and scalability). They solve network congestion problems through innovative consensus mechanisms, architectural designs or layered solutions. There are three main key indicators to measure whether it is "high-speed":
- TPS (transaction processing per second) : the number of transactions that the network can process in one second. For example, the TPS of the Ethereum main network is usually between 15-30, while the target of the public chain is to reach hundreds, thousands or even higher.
- Transaction Finality : The time it takes for a transaction to be confirmed and irreversible. The shorter this time, the better the user experience.
- Transaction Fee : The cost to execute a transaction or smart contract. The expressway chain is committed to reducing fees to extremely low levels.
Mainstream highway public chain types and representative projects
In order to achieve high speed and low cost, the industry has explored different development paths. Currently, it is mainly divided into the new generation of Layer 1, Ethereum Layer 2 expansion solution and modular blockchain.
1. The new generation of high-performance Layer 1
This type of public chain is designed for high performance from the underlying architecture, does not rely on other main chains, and has its own independent consensus mechanism and validator network.
- Solana (SOL) : Through its unique "Proof of History" mechanism, it adds a verifiable timestamp to transactions, thereby enabling quick sorting and parallel processing of transactions. This makes its theoretical TPS very high, but it has also experienced stability problems due to network congestion.
- Avalanche (AVAX) : Adopts an innovative subnet (Subnet) architecture. The network consists of multiple independent chains, including an X chain responsible for transactions, a P chain responsible for coordination, and an EVM-compatible C chain. This division of labor model disperses the network load and achieves extremely fast transaction finality (usually within 1-2 seconds).
- Aptos (APT) & Sui (SUI) : Both projects are derived from the Diem project of Meta (formerly Facebook) and use the Move language. Their core advantage lies in the parallel execution engine, which can handle a large number of non-conflict transactions simultaneously, thereby greatly improving network throughput.
2. Ethereum Layer 2 expansion plan
The Layer 2 (L2) solution does not change Ethereum at the bottom, but builds an "execution layer" on it. They process a large number of transactions on L2, then package and compress the results and submit them back to the Ethereum main network (Layer 1), thereby inheriting the security of the main network while achieving extremely high speed and extremely low fees.
- Optimistic Rollups (represented by: Arbitrum, Optimism) : This scheme "optimistically" assumes that all transactions processed on L2 are valid and submitted directly. The system has a "challenge period" during which anyone can challenge suspicious transactions. This mechanism is simple and efficient, and has become the most mainstream L2 solution at present.
- ZK-Rollups (representative: zkSync, StarkNet) : This solution uses "zero knowledge proof" technology to package hundreds of transactions and generate a cryptographic proof to prove that all these transactions are legal without public transaction details. The main network only needs to verify this proof, which is extremely efficient and has better privacy, and is considered one of the ultimate forms of L2.
3. Modular blockchain
This is a newer concept that splits the core functions of blockchains such as execution, settlement, consensus and data availability, and is done by different dedicated chains. It's like an assembly line factory where each part does only what it is best to improve overall efficiency.
- Celestia (TIA) : A typical representative of modular blockchain. It does not handle transaction execution itself, but focuses on becoming a "data availability" layer. Other Rollups or application chains can publish their transaction data to Celestia, ensuring that data is verifiable and accessible at extremely low costs, helping them become more efficient and cheaper on their own.
The performance competition for public chains continues, from the independent new generation of Layer 1 to Layer 2 attached to a powerful main network to modular design that subverts traditional architectures, each path is paving the way for large-scale applications. For users and developers, choosing a platform not only depends on its speed and cost, but also comprehensively considering its security, decentralization and the prosperity of the ecosystem.
In the future, the blockchain world is likely to be a pattern of multiple chains coexisting. Ethereum's L2 ecosystem is showing huge development potential due to its strong security foundation and network effects. At the same time, the rise of modular architecture also heralds a more flexible and composable blockchain future.
The above is the detailed content of What is a high-speed public chain? What types of high-speed public chains are there in the currency circle?. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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