Apache服務(wù)器的用戶認證 （轉(zhuǎn)）
Jun 21, 2016 am 09:14 AM
apache|服務(wù)器
經(jīng)常上網(wǎng)的讀者會遇到這種情況：訪問一些網(wǎng)站的某些資源時，瀏覽器彈出一個對話框，要求輸入用戶名和密碼來獲取對資源的訪問。這就是用戶認證的一種技術(shù)。用戶認證是保護網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)資源的第一道防線，它控制著所有登錄并檢查訪問用戶的合法性，其目標是僅讓合法用戶以合法的權(quán)限訪問網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的資源?；镜挠脩粽J證技術(shù)是“用戶名＋密碼”。
Apache是目前流行的Web服務(wù)器，可運行在Linux、Unix、Windows等操作系統(tǒng)下，它可以很好地解決“用戶名＋密碼”的認證問題。Apache用戶認證所需要的用戶名和密碼有兩種不同的存貯方式：一種是文本文件；另一種是MSQL、Oracle、MySQL等數(shù)據(jù)庫。下面以Linux的Apache為例，就這兩種存貯方式，分別介紹如何實現(xiàn)用戶認證功能，同時對Windows的Apache用戶認證作簡要的說明。
采用文本文件存儲
這種認證方式的基本思想是：Apache啟動認證功能后，就可以在需要限制訪問的目錄下建立一個名為.htaccess的文件，指定認證的配置命令。當用戶第一次訪問該目錄的文件時，瀏覽器會顯示一個對話框，要求輸入用戶名和密碼，進行用戶身份的確認。若是合法用戶，則顯示所訪問的頁面內(nèi)容，此后訪問該目錄的每個頁面，瀏覽器自動送出用戶名和密碼，不用再輸入了，直到關(guān)閉瀏覽器為止。以下是實現(xiàn)的具體步驟：
以超級用戶root進入Linux，假設(shè)Apache 1.3.12已經(jīng)編譯、安裝到了/usr/local/apache目錄中。缺省情況下，編譯Apache時自動加入mod_auth模塊，利用此模塊可以實現(xiàn)“用戶名+密碼”以文本文件為存儲方式的認證功能。
1.修改Apache的配置文件/usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf，對認證資源所在的目錄設(shè)定配置命令。下例是對/usr/local/apache/htdocs/members目錄的配置：
?。糄irectory /usr/local/apache/htdocs /members＞
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
allowoverride authconfig
order allow,deny
allow from all
?。?Directory＞
其中，allowoverride authconfig一行表示允許對/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ members目錄下的文件進行用戶認證。
2.在限制訪問的目錄/usr/local/apache/htdocs/members下建立一個文件.htaccess，其內(nèi)容如下：
AuthName "會員區(qū)"
AuthType basic
AuthUserFile/usr/local/apache/members.txt
require valid-user
說明：文件.htaccess中常用的配置命令有以下幾個：
1) AuthName命令：指定認證區(qū)域名稱。區(qū)域名稱是在提示要求認證的對話框中顯示給用戶的(見附圖)。
2)AuthType命令：指定認證類型。在HTTP1.0中，只有一種認證類型：basic。在HTTP1.1中有幾種認證類型，如：MD5。
3) AuthUserFile命令：指定一個包含用戶名和密碼的文本文件，每行一對。
4) AuthGroupFile命令：指定包含用戶組清單和這些組的成員清單的文本文件。組的成員之間用空格分開，如：
managers:user1 user2
5) require命令：指定哪些用戶或組才能被授權(quán)訪問。如：
require user user1 user2(只有用戶user1和user2可以訪問)
requiresgroupsmanagers (只有組managers中成員可以訪問)
require valid-user (在AuthUserFile指定的文件中任何用戶都可以訪問)
3.利用Apache附帶的程序htpasswd，生成包含用戶名和密碼的文本文件：/usr/local/apache/members.txt，每行內(nèi)容格式為“用戶名:密碼”。
#cd /usr/local/apache/bin
#htpasswd -bc ../members.txt user1 1234
#htpasswd -b ../members.txt user2 5678
文本文件members.txt含有兩個用戶：user1,口令為1234；user2，口令為5678。注意，不要將此文本文件存放在Web文檔的目錄樹中，以免被用戶下載。
欲了解htpasswd程序的幫助，請執(zhí)行htpasswd -h。
當用戶數(shù)量比較少時，這種方法對用戶的認證是方便、省事的，維護工作也簡單。但是在用戶數(shù)量有數(shù)萬人，甚至數(shù)十萬人時，會在查找用戶上花掉一定時間，從而降低服務(wù)器的效率。這種情形，應(yīng)采用數(shù)據(jù)庫方式。
采用數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲
目前，Apache、PHP4、MySQL三者是Linux下構(gòu)建Web網(wǎng)站的最佳搭檔，這三個軟件都是免費軟件。將三者結(jié)合起來，通過HTTP協(xié)議，利用PHP4和MySQL，實現(xiàn)Apache的用戶認證功能。
只有在PHP4以Apache的模塊方式來運行的時候才能進行用戶認證。為此，在編譯Apache時需要加入PHP4模塊一起編譯。假設(shè)PHP4作為Apache的模塊，編譯、安裝Apache到/usr/local/apache目錄，編譯、安裝MySQL到/usr/local/mysql目錄。然后進行下面的步驟：
1.在MySQL中建立一個數(shù)據(jù)庫member，在其中建立一個表users，用來存放合法用戶的用戶名和密碼。
1)用vi命令在/tmp目錄建立一個SQL腳本文件auth.sql，內(nèi)容為：
drop database if exists member;
create database member;
use member;
create table users (
username char(20) not null,
password char(20) not null,
);
insertsintosusers values("user1",password("1234"));
insertsintosusers values("user2",password("5678"));
2)啟動MySQL客戶程序mysql，執(zhí)行上述SQL腳本文件auth.sql的命令，在表users中增加兩個用戶的記錄。
#mysql -u root -pmypwd＜/tmp/auth.sql
2.編寫一個PHP腳本頭文件auth.inc，程序內(nèi)容為：
＜?php
function authenticate() {
Header('WWW-authenticate: basic realm="會員區(qū)"');
Header('HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized');
echo "你必須輸入正確的用戶名和口令。 ";
exit;
}
function CheckUser(, ) {
if ( == "" || == "") return 0;
= "SELECT username,password FROM usersswheresusername='' and password=password('')";
= mysql_connect('localhost', 'root', 'mypwd');
mysql_select_db('member',);
= mysql_query(, );
=mysql_num_rows();
mysql_close();
if (＞0) {
return 1; //有效登錄
} else {
return 0; //無效登錄
}
}
?＞
函數(shù)Authenticate()的作用是利用函數(shù)Header('WWW-authenticate: basic realm="會員區(qū)"')，向瀏覽器發(fā)送一個認證請求消息，使瀏覽器彈出一個用戶名/密碼的對話框。當用戶輸入用戶名和密碼后，包含此PHP腳本的URL將自動地被再次調(diào)用，將用戶名、密碼、認證類型分別存放到PHP4的三個特殊變量：、、，在PHP程序中可根據(jù)這三個變量值來判斷是否合法用戶。Header()函數(shù)中，basic表示基本認證類型，realm的值表示認證區(qū)域名稱。
函數(shù)Header('HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized')使瀏覽器用戶在連續(xù)多次輸入錯誤的用戶名或密碼時接收到HTTP 401錯誤。
函數(shù)CheckUser()用來判斷瀏覽器用戶發(fā)送來的用戶名、密碼是否與MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫的相同，若相同則返回1，否則返回0。其中mysql_connect('localhost', 'root', 'mypwd')的數(shù)據(jù)庫用戶名root和密碼mypwd，應(yīng)根據(jù)自己的MySQL設(shè)置而改變。
3.在需要限制訪問的每個PHP腳本程序開頭增加下列程序段:
?。?php
require('auth.inc');
if (CheckUser(,)==0) {
authenticate();
} else {
echo "這是合法用戶要訪問的網(wǎng)頁。"; //將此行改為向合法用戶輸出的網(wǎng)頁
}
?＞
把需要向合法用戶顯示的網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容放到else子句中，取代上述程序段的一行：
echo "這是合法用戶要訪問的網(wǎng)頁。";
這樣，當用戶訪問該PHP腳本程序時，需要輸入用戶名和密碼來確認用戶的身份。
Windows的Apache用戶認證
1.采用文本文件存放用戶名和密碼時，其方法同前，但需要注意的是表示路徑的目錄名之間、目錄名與文件名之間一律用斜線“/”分開，而不是反斜線“”。
2.采用MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫存放用戶名和密碼時，首先按下列方法將PHP 4.0.3作為Apache的模塊來運行，然后按上述“采用數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲用戶名和密碼的用戶認證”的方法完成。
1)下載Windows版的Apache 1.3.12、PHP 4.0.3、MySQL 3.2.32，將三個軟件分別解壓、安裝到C:pache、C:PHP4、C:mysql目錄。
2) C:PHP4SAPI目錄有幾個常用Web服務(wù)器的PHP模塊文件，將其中php4apache.dll拷貝到Apache的modules子目錄(C:pachemodules)。
3)修改Apache的配置文件C:pachenfhttpd.conf，增加以下幾行：
LoadModule php4_module modules/ php4apache.dll
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php3
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
第一行使PHP4以Apache的模塊方式運行，這樣才能進行用戶認證，后三行定義PHP腳本程序的擴展名。
4)在autoexec.bat文件的PATH命令中增加PHP4所在路徑“C:PHP4”，重新啟動電腦。
經(jīng)我測試，2.0版本的apache不成
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