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In-depth analysis of the caching function in PHP's Yii framework. The yii framework
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In-depth analysis of the caching function in PHP's Yii framework, yii framework_PHP tutorial

Jul 12, 2016 am 08:55 AM
yii cache

In-depth analysis of the caching function in PHP's Yii framework. The yii framework

Data caching refers to storing some PHP variables in the cache and retrieving them from the cache when used. It is also the basis for more advanced caching features, such as query caching and content caching.

The following code is a typical data cache usage pattern. Where $cache points to the cache component:

// 嘗試從緩存中取回 $data 
$data = $cache->get($key);

if ($data === false) {

  // $data 在緩存中沒(méi)有找到,則重新計(jì)算它的值

  // 將 $data 存放到緩存供下次使用
  $cache->set($key, $data);
}

// 這兒 $data 可以使用了。

Cache component

Data caching requires support from the cache component, which represents various cache memories, such as memory, files, and databases.

Cache components are usually registered as application components so that they can be configured and accessed globally. The following code demonstrates how to configure the application component cache to use two memcached servers:

'components' => [
  'cache' => [
    'class' => 'yii\caching\MemCache',
    'servers' => [
      [
        'host' => 'server1',
        'port' => 11211,
        'weight' => 100,
      ],
      [
        'host' => 'server2',
        'port' => 11211,
        'weight' => 50,
      ],
    ],
  ],
],

Then you can access the above cache component through Yii::$app->cache.

Since all cache components support the same series of APIs, there is no need to modify the business code that uses the cache to directly replace it with other underlying cache components. It only needs to be reconfigured in the application configuration. For example, you can modify the above configuration to use yiicachingApcCache:

'components' => [
  'cache' => [
    'class' => 'yii\caching\ApcCache',
  ],
],

Tip: You can register multiple cache components. Many classes that rely on cache call the component named cache by default (such as yiiwebUrlManager).
Supported Cache Memory

Yii supports a range of cache memories, as summarized below:

  • yiicachingApcCache: Use PHP APC extension. This option can be considered the fastest caching solution in a centralized application environment (e.g. single server, no separate load balancer, etc.).
  • yiicachingDbCache: Use a database table to store cached data. To use this cache, you must create a table corresponding to yiicachingDbCache::cacheTable.
  • yiicachingDummyCache: only serves as a cache placeholder and does not implement any real caching function. The purpose of this component is to simplify code that needs to query cache validity. For example, in development if the server does not have actual caching support, use it to configure a caching component. After a real cache service is enabled, you can switch to use the corresponding cache component. In both cases you can use the same code Yii::$app->cache->get($key) to try to retrieve the data from the cache without worrying that Yii::$app->cache may be null .
  • yiicachingFileCache: Use standard files to store cache data. This is particularly useful for caching large chunks of data, such as an entire page of content.
  • yiicachingMemCache: Use PHP memcache and memcached extensions. This option is considered the fastest caching solution in distributed application environments (e.g. multiple servers, load balancing, etc.).
  • yiiredisCache: Implements a cache component based on Redis key-value storage (requires the support of redis 2.6.12 and above).
  • yiicachingWinCache: Use PHP WinCache (see also) extension.
  • yiicachingXCache: Use PHP XCache extension.
  • yiicachingZendDataCache: Use Zend Data Cache as the underlying caching medium.
  • Tip: You can use different cache memories in the same application. A common strategy is to use a memory-based cache for small, frequently used data (e.g., statistics) and a file- or database-based cache for larger, less frequently used data (e.g., web page content).

Caching API

All caching components have the same base class yiicachingCache, so they all support the following API:

  • yiicachingCache::get(): Retrieve a piece of data from the cache through a specified key. If the data does not exist in the cache or has expired/invalidated, the value false is returned.
  • yiicachingCache::set(): Specify a key for a piece of data and store it in the cache.
  • yiicachingCache::add(): If the key is not found in the cache, the specified data will be stored in the cache.
  • yiicachingCache::mget(): Retrieve multiple items of data from the cache by specifying multiple keys.
  • yiicachingCache::mset(): Store multiple items of data in the cache, each item of data corresponds to a key.
  • yiicachingCache::madd(): Store multiple items of data in the cache, each item of data corresponds to a key. If a key already exists in the cache, the data will be skipped.
  • yiicachingCache::exists(): Returns a value indicating whether a key exists in the cache.
  • yiicachingCache::delete(): Delete the corresponding value in the cache through a key.
  • yiicachingCache::flush(): Delete all data in the cache.
  • Some cache memories such as MemCache and APC support retrieving cached values ??in batch mode, which can save the cost of retrieving cached data. The yiicachingCache::mget() and yiicachingCache::madd() APIs provide support for this feature. If the underlying cache memory does not support this feature, Yii will also emulate the implementation.

Since yiicachingCache implements the PHP ArrayAccess interface, the cache component can also be used like an array. Here are a few examples:

$cache['var1'] = $value1; // 等價(jià)于: $cache->set('var1', $value1);
$value2 = $cache['var2']; // 等價(jià)于: $value2 = $cache->get('var2');

緩存鍵

存儲(chǔ)在緩存中的每項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)都通過(guò)鍵作唯一識(shí)別。當(dāng)你在緩存中存儲(chǔ)一項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),必須為它指定一個(gè)鍵,稍后從緩存中取回?cái)?shù)據(jù)時(shí),也需要提供相應(yīng)的鍵。

你可以使用一個(gè)字符串或者任意值作為一個(gè)緩存鍵。當(dāng)鍵不是一個(gè)字符串時(shí),它將會(huì)自動(dòng)被序列化為一個(gè)字符串。

定義一個(gè)緩存鍵常見(jiàn)的一個(gè)策略就是在一個(gè)數(shù)組中包含所有的決定性因素。例如,yii\db\Schema 使用如下鍵存儲(chǔ)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表的結(jié)構(gòu)信息。

[
  __CLASS__,       // 結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)名
  $this->db->dsn,     // 數(shù)據(jù)源名稱(chēng)
  $this->db->username,  // 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)登錄用戶(hù)名
  $name,         // 表名
];

如你所見(jiàn),該鍵包含了可唯一指定一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表所需的所有必要信息。

當(dāng)同一個(gè)緩存存儲(chǔ)器被用于多個(gè)不同的應(yīng)用時(shí),應(yīng)該為每個(gè)應(yīng)用指定一個(gè)唯一的緩存鍵前綴以避免緩存鍵沖突??梢酝ㄟ^(guò)配置 yii\caching\Cache::keyPrefix 屬性實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如,在應(yīng)用配置中可以編寫(xiě)如下代碼:

'components' => [
  'cache' => [
    'class' => 'yii\caching\ApcCache',
    'keyPrefix' => 'myapp',    // 唯一鍵前綴
  ],
],

為了確?;ネㄐ裕颂幹荒苁褂米帜负蛿?shù)字。

緩存過(guò)期

默認(rèn)情況下,緩存中的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)永久存留,除非它被某些緩存策略強(qiáng)制移除(例如:緩存空間已滿(mǎn),最老的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)被移除)。要改變此特性,你可以在調(diào)用 yii\caching\Cache::set() 存儲(chǔ)一項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)提供一個(gè)過(guò)期時(shí)間參數(shù)。該參數(shù)代表這項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)在緩存中可保持有效多少秒。當(dāng)你調(diào)用 yii\caching\Cache::get() 取回?cái)?shù)據(jù)時(shí),如果它已經(jīng)過(guò)了超時(shí)時(shí)間,該方法將返回 false,表明在緩存中找不到這項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)。例如:

// 將數(shù)據(jù)在緩存中保留 45 秒
$cache->set($key, $data, 45);

sleep(50);

$data = $cache->get($key);
if ($data === false) {
  // $data 已過(guò)期,或者在緩存中找不到
}

緩存依賴(lài)

除了超時(shí)設(shè)置,緩存數(shù)據(jù)還可能受到緩存依賴(lài)的影響而失效。例如,yii\caching\FileDependency 代表對(duì)一個(gè)文件修改時(shí)間的依賴(lài)。這個(gè)依賴(lài)條件發(fā)生變化也就意味著相應(yīng)的文件已經(jīng)被修改。因此,緩存中任何過(guò)期的文件內(nèi)容都應(yīng)該被置為失效狀態(tài),對(duì) yii\caching\Cache::get() 的調(diào)用都應(yīng)該返回 false。

緩存依賴(lài)用 yii\caching\Dependency 的派生類(lèi)所表示。當(dāng)調(diào)用 yii\caching\Cache::set() 在緩存中存儲(chǔ)一項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),可以同時(shí)傳遞一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)的緩存依賴(lài)對(duì)象。例如:

// 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)對(duì) example.txt 文件修改時(shí)間的緩存依賴(lài)
$dependency = new \yii\caching\FileDependency(['fileName' => 'example.txt']);

// 緩存數(shù)據(jù)將在30秒后超時(shí)
// 如果 example.txt 被修改,它也可能被更早地置為失效狀態(tài)。
$cache->set($key, $data, 30, $dependency);

// 緩存會(huì)檢查數(shù)據(jù)是否已超時(shí)。
// 它還會(huì)檢查關(guān)聯(lián)的依賴(lài)是否已變化。
// 符合任何一個(gè)條件時(shí)都會(huì)返回 false。
$data = $cache->get($key);

下面是可用的緩存依賴(lài)的概況:

  • yii\caching\ChainedDependency:如果依賴(lài)鏈上任何一個(gè)依賴(lài)產(chǎn)生變化,則依賴(lài)改變。
  • yii\caching\DbDependency:如果指定 SQL 語(yǔ)句的查詢(xún)結(jié)果發(fā)生了變化,則依賴(lài)改變。
  • yii\caching\ExpressionDependency:如果指定的 PHP 表達(dá)式執(zhí)行結(jié)果發(fā)生變化,則依賴(lài)改變。
  • yii\caching\FileDependency:如果文件的最后修改時(shí)間發(fā)生變化,則依賴(lài)改變。
  • yii\caching\GroupDependency:將一項(xiàng)緩存數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)記到一個(gè)組名,你可以通過(guò)調(diào)用 yii\caching\GroupDependency::invalidate() 一次性將相同組名的緩存全部置為失效狀態(tài)。

查詢(xún)緩存

查詢(xún)緩存是一個(gè)建立在數(shù)據(jù)緩存之上的特殊緩存特性。它用于緩存數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢(xún)的結(jié)果。

查詢(xún)緩存需要一個(gè) yii\db\Connection 和一個(gè)有效的 cache 應(yīng)用組件。查詢(xún)緩存的基本用法如下,假設(shè) $db 是一個(gè) yii\db\Connection 實(shí)例:

$duration = 60;   // 緩存查詢(xún)結(jié)果60秒
$dependency = ...; // 可選的緩存依賴(lài)

$db->beginCache($duration, $dependency);

// ...這兒執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢(xún)...

$db->endCache();

如你所見(jiàn),beginCache() 和 endCache() 中間的任何查詢(xún)結(jié)果都會(huì)被緩存起來(lái)。如果緩存中找到了同樣查詢(xún)的結(jié)果,則查詢(xún)會(huì)被跳過(guò),直接從緩存中提取結(jié)果。

查詢(xún)緩存可以用于 ActiveRecord 和 DAO。

Info: 有些 DBMS (例如:MySQL)也支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器端的查詢(xún)緩存。你可以選擇使用任一查詢(xún)緩存機(jī)制。上文所述的查詢(xún)緩存的好處在于你可以指定更靈活的緩存依賴(lài)因此可能更加高效。
配置

查詢(xún)緩存有兩個(gè)通過(guò) yii\db\Connection 設(shè)置的配置項(xiàng):

yii\db\Connection::queryCacheDuration: 查詢(xún)結(jié)果在緩存中的有效期,以秒表示。如果在調(diào)用 yii\db\Connection::beginCache() 時(shí)傳遞了一個(gè)顯式的時(shí)值參數(shù),則配置中的有效期時(shí)值會(huì)被覆蓋。
yii\db\Connection::queryCache: 緩存應(yīng)用組件的 ID。默認(rèn)為 'cache'。只有在設(shè)置了一個(gè)有效的緩存應(yīng)用組件時(shí),查詢(xún)緩存才會(huì)有效。
限制條件

當(dāng)查詢(xún)結(jié)果中含有資源句柄時(shí),查詢(xún)緩存無(wú)法使用。例如,在有些 DBMS 中使用了 BLOB 列的時(shí)候,緩存結(jié)果會(huì)為該數(shù)據(jù)列返回一個(gè)資源句柄。

有些緩存存儲(chǔ)器有大小限制。例如,memcache 限制每條數(shù)據(jù)最大為 1MB。因此,如果查詢(xún)結(jié)果的大小超出了該限制,則會(huì)導(dǎo)致緩存失敗。

片段緩存

片段緩存指的是緩存頁(yè)面內(nèi)容中的某個(gè)片段。例如,一個(gè)頁(yè)面顯示了逐年銷(xiāo)售額的摘要表格,可以把表格緩存下來(lái),以消除每次請(qǐng)求都要重新生成表格的耗時(shí)。片段緩存是基于數(shù)據(jù)緩存實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

在視圖中使用以下結(jié)構(gòu)啟用片段緩存:

if ($this->beginCache($id)) {

  // ... 在此生成內(nèi)容 ...

  $this->endCache();
}

調(diào)用 yii\base\View::beginCache() 和 yii\base\View::endCache() 方法包裹內(nèi)容生成邏輯。如果緩存中存在該內(nèi)容,yii\base\View::beginCache() 方法將渲染內(nèi)容并返回 false,因此將跳過(guò)內(nèi)容生成邏輯。否則,內(nèi)容生成邏輯被執(zhí)行,一直執(zhí)行到 yii\base\View::endCache() 時(shí),生成的內(nèi)容將被捕獲并存儲(chǔ)在緩存中。

和[數(shù)據(jù)緩存]一樣,每個(gè)片段緩存也需要全局唯一的 $id 標(biāo)記。

緩存選項(xiàng)

如果要為片段緩存指定額外配置項(xiàng),請(qǐng)通過(guò)向 yii\base\View::beginCache() 方法第二個(gè)參數(shù)傳遞配置數(shù)組。在框架內(nèi)部,該數(shù)組將被用來(lái)配置一個(gè) yii\widget\FragmentCache 小部件用以實(shí)現(xiàn)片段緩存功能。

過(guò)期時(shí)間(duration)

或許片段緩存中最常用的一個(gè)配置選項(xiàng)就是 yii\widgets\FragmentCache::duration 了。它指定了內(nèi)容被緩存的秒數(shù)。以下代碼緩存內(nèi)容最多一小時(shí):

if ($this->beginCache($id, ['duration' => 3600])) {

  // ... 在此生成內(nèi)容 ...

  $this->endCache();
}

如果該選項(xiàng)未設(shè)置,則默認(rèn)為 0,永不過(guò)期。

依賴(lài)

和[數(shù)據(jù)緩存]一樣,片段緩存的內(nèi)容一樣可以設(shè)置緩存依賴(lài)。例如一段被緩存的文章,是否重新緩存取決于它是否被修改過(guò)。

通過(guò)設(shè)置 yii\widgets\FragmentCache::dependency 選項(xiàng)來(lái)指定依賴(lài),該選項(xiàng)的值可以是一個(gè) yii\caching\Dependency 類(lèi)的派生類(lèi),也可以是創(chuàng)建緩存對(duì)象的配置數(shù)組。以下代碼指定了一個(gè)片段緩存,它依賴(lài)于 update_at 字段是否被更改過(guò)的。

$dependency = [
  'class' => 'yii\caching\DbDependency',
  'sql' => 'SELECT MAX(updated_at) FROM post',
];

if ($this->beginCache($id, ['dependency' => $dependency])) {

  // ... 在此生成內(nèi)容 ...

  $this->endCache();
}

變化

緩存的內(nèi)容可能需要根據(jù)一些參數(shù)的更改而變化。例如一個(gè) Web 應(yīng)用支持多語(yǔ)言,同一段視圖代碼也許需要生成多個(gè)語(yǔ)言的內(nèi)容。因此可以設(shè)置緩存根據(jù)應(yīng)用當(dāng)前語(yǔ)言而變化。

通過(guò)設(shè)置 yii\widgets\FragmentCache::variations 選項(xiàng)來(lái)指定變化,該選項(xiàng)的值應(yīng)該是一個(gè)標(biāo)量,每個(gè)標(biāo)量代表不同的變化系數(shù)。例如設(shè)置緩存根據(jù)當(dāng)前語(yǔ)言而變化可以用以下代碼:

if ($this->beginCache($id, ['variations' => [Yii::$app->language]])) {

  // ... 在此生成內(nèi)容 ...

  $this->endCache();
}

開(kāi)關(guān)

有時(shí)你可能只想在特定條件下開(kāi)啟片段緩存。例如,一個(gè)顯示表單的頁(yè)面,可能只需要在初次請(qǐng)求時(shí)緩存表單(通過(guò) GET 請(qǐng)求)。隨后請(qǐng)求所顯示(通過(guò) POST 請(qǐng)求)的表單不該使用緩存,因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)表單中可能包含用戶(hù)輸入內(nèi)容。鑒于此種情況,可以使用 yii\widgets\FragmentCache::enabled 選項(xiàng)來(lái)指定緩存開(kāi)關(guān),如下所示:

if ($this->beginCache($id, ['enabled' => Yii::$app->request->isGet])) {

  // ... 在此生成內(nèi)容 ...

  $this->endCache();
}

緩存嵌套

片段緩存可以被嵌套使用。一個(gè)片段緩存可以被另一個(gè)包裹。例如,評(píng)論被緩存在里層,同時(shí)整個(gè)評(píng)論的片段又被緩存在外層的文章中。以下代碼展示了片段緩存的嵌套使用:

if ($this->beginCache($id1)) {

  // ...在此生成內(nèi)容...

  if ($this->beginCache($id2, $options2)) {

    // ...在此生成內(nèi)容...

    $this->endCache();
  }

  // ...在此生成內(nèi)容...

  $this->endCache();
}

可以為嵌套的緩存設(shè)置不同的配置項(xiàng)。例如,內(nèi)層緩存和外層緩存使用不同的過(guò)期時(shí)間。甚至當(dāng)外層緩存的數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)期失效了,內(nèi)層緩存仍然可能提供有效的片段緩存數(shù)據(jù)。但是,反之則不然。如果外層片段緩存沒(méi)有過(guò)期而被視為有效,此時(shí)即使內(nèi)層片段緩存已經(jīng)失效,它也將繼續(xù)提供同樣的緩存副本。因此,你必須謹(jǐn)慎處理緩存嵌套中的過(guò)期時(shí)間和依賴(lài),否則外層的片段很有可能返回的是不符合你預(yù)期的失效數(shù)據(jù)。

譯注:外層的失效時(shí)間應(yīng)該短于內(nèi)層,外層的依賴(lài)條件應(yīng)該低于內(nèi)層,以確保最小的片段,返回的是最新的數(shù)據(jù)。
動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容

使用片段緩存時(shí),可能會(huì)遇到一大段較為靜態(tài)的內(nèi)容中有少許動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容的情況。例如,一個(gè)顯示著菜單欄和當(dāng)前用戶(hù)名的頁(yè)面頭部。還有一種可能是緩存的內(nèi)容可能包含每次請(qǐng)求都需要執(zhí)行的 PHP 代碼(例如注冊(cè)資源包的代碼)。這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題都可以使用動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容功能解決。

動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容的意思是這部分輸出的內(nèi)容不該被緩存,即便是它被包裹在片段緩存中。為了使內(nèi)容保持動(dòng)態(tài),每次請(qǐng)求都執(zhí)行 PHP 代碼生成,即使這些代碼已經(jīng)被緩存了。

可以在片段緩存中調(diào)用 yii\base\View::renderDynamic() 去插入動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容,如下所示:

if ($this->beginCache($id1)) {

  // ...在此生成內(nèi)容...

  echo $this->renderDynamic('return Yii::$app->user->identity->name;');

  // ...在此生成內(nèi)容...

  $this->endCache();
}

yii\base\View::renderDynamic() 方法接受一段 PHP 代碼作為參數(shù)。代碼的返回值被看作是動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容。這段代碼將在每次請(qǐng)求時(shí)都執(zhí)行,無(wú)論其外層的片段緩存是否被存儲(chǔ)。

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  • Introduction to some advanced usage of caching in PHP's Yii framework
  • Advanced use of View in PHP's Yii framework
  • Detailed explanation of the methods of creating and rendering views in PHP's Yii framework
  • Model model in PHP's Yii framework Study tutorial
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www.bkjia.comtruehttp: //www.bkjia.com/PHPjc/1117069.htmlTechArticleIn-depth analysis of the caching function in PHP's Yii framework. The yii framework data cache refers to storing some PHP variables in the cache , and then retrieve it from the cache when used. It also has more advanced caching features...
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