The principle of tomcat middleware is implemented based on Java Servlet and Java EE specifications. As a Servlet container, Tomcat is responsible for processing HTTP requests and responses and providing the running environment for Web applications. The principles of Tomcat middleware mainly involve: 1. Container model; 2. Component architecture; 3. Servlet processing mechanism; 4. Event listening and filters; 5. Configuration management; 6. Security; 7. Clustering and load balancing; 8. Connector technology; 9. Embedded mode, etc.

The operating system for this tutorial: Windows 10 system, DELL G3 computer.

The principle of Tomcat middleware is mainly implemented based on Java Servlet and Java EE specifications. As a Servlet container, Tomcat is responsible for processing HTTP requests and responses and providing the running environment for Web applications. In Tomcat, middleware refers to the software components between the server and the application to provide additional functions or services, such as security, transaction management, logging, etc.

The principle of Tomcat middleware mainly involves the following aspects:

1. Container model: Tomcat uses the container model to manage Web applications , including web application deployment, life cycle control, resource management, etc. The container model handles the Web application as a whole and provides control and integration capabilities for the application.

2. Component-based architecture: Tomcat adopts a component-based architecture and divides functions into different components, such as Servlet, JSP, Filter, Listener, etc. These components can be developed, deployed, and configured independently, and integrated and collaborated through Tomcat's containers.

3. Servlet processing mechanism: Servlet is the core component in Tomcat that handles HTTP requests. When the client sends an HTTP request, Tomcat passes the request to the corresponding Servlet for processing through the Servlet container. The servlet will process the request and generate a response, then return it to the container for sending.

4. Event listening and filters: Tomcat uses event listening and filter mechanisms to extend its functionality. Event listeners can monitor and handle various events, such as request start, response end, etc. Filters can intercept and process requests and responses to implement specific functions, such as logging, authentication, etc.

5. Configuration management: Tomcat manages the deployment of middleware and web applications through configuration files. Configuration files include server.xml, web.xml, etc., which are used to define the properties and behaviors of containers and components. By modifying the configuration file, you can achieve flexible configuration and control of middleware and applications.

6. Security: Tomcat provides built-in security features, including SSL/TLS encryption, authentication and authorization, etc. These features protect web applications from the risk of attacks and data leaks. By configuring the security settings of Tomcat, you can implement security control such as user identity verification and authorization to access resources.

7. Clustering and load balancing: Tomcat provides clustering and load balancing functions to achieve high availability and scalability. By configuring multiple Tomcat instances to form a cluster, load balancing and failover can be achieved to ensure application reliability and performance.

8. Connector technology: Tomcat's connector technology is used to receive external requests and pass them to the Servlet container for processing. Tomcat supports a variety of connectors, including HTTP/1.1 connectors, AJP connectors, etc. You can choose the appropriate connector according to specific needs.

9. Embedded mode: Tomcat can run in embedded mode and be directly embedded into other applications as its Web server. This mode is suitable for lightweight application or prototype development, making the application more concise and easier to deploy.

10. Management tools: Tomcat provides management tools, such as Tomcat Manager and JMX MBeans, for monitoring and managing Tomcat servers. These tools can help developers and administrators understand the server's running status, performance indicators, log information, etc. for troubleshooting and performance optimization.

In summary, the principles of Tomcat middleware include container model, component architecture, Servlet processing mechanism, event listening and filters, configuration management, security, clustering and load balancing, connector technology, and embedding technology and management tools. These principles and technologies work together to enable Tomcat to provide a stable, efficient, and scalable web application running environment, and can be integrated with other middleware and applications to achieve richer functions and services.

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