運(yùn)行php artisan migrate 時(shí)，Laravel 會(huì)按時(shí)間戳順序執(zhí)行database/migrations 目錄中的所有待運(yùn)行遷移文件，並通過數(shù)據(jù)庫中的migrations 表記錄已執(zhí)行的遷移；常見用法包括：1. php artisan migrate 執(zhí)行所有未運(yùn)行的遷移；2. php artisan migrate --step 分批次執(zhí)行；3. php artisan migrate:fresh 清空並重新創(chuàng)建表；4. php artisan migrate:refresh 回滾並重新運(yùn)行所有遷移；5. php artisan migrate:reset 完全回滾所有遷移；常見問題處理包括檢查.env 配置、手動(dòng)清理migrations 表、運(yùn)行composer dump-autoload 以及查看詳細(xì)錯(cuò)誤輸出；最佳實(shí)踐包括本地測試遷移、避免生產(chǎn)環(huán)境頻繁回滾、清晰命名遷移文件、提交遷移文件至版本控制、以及在微服務(wù)架構(gòu)中按服務(wù)分離遷移目錄。

When you're working with Laravel, running migrations is a core part of setting up or updating your database structure. The command php artisan migrate is the primary way to do it, but there's more to it than just typing that line.

What actually happens when you run php artisan migrate

When you execute php artisan migrate , Laravel looks through all the migration files in the database/migrations directory and runs them in the order determined by their timestamp. It builds your database tables based on those files.

What's important to know:

• Laravel keeps track of which migrations have already been run using the migrations table in your database.
• If you run this command in a fresh install and that table doesn't exist yet, Laravel will try to create it automatically — but sometimes you might need to run php artisan migrate:install first if you hit an error about the migrations table missing.

Common ways to use the migrate command

Here are some variations you'll likely find yourself using:

• php artisan migrate – Runs all pending migrations.
• php artisan migrate --step – Runs migrations in batches of one at a time (good for rolling deployments).
• php artisan migrate:fresh – Drops all tables and re-runs all migrations (useful during development).
• php artisan migrate:refresh – Rolls back and re-runs all migrations.
• php artisan migrate:reset – Rolls back all migrations completely.

These variations help you manage different scenarios — like undoing changes, resetting the database, or applying only new updates.

When things go wrong — troubleshooting tips

Sometimes running migrations doesn't go smoothly. Here are a few common issues and how to handle them:

• Database connection errors : Double-check your .env file and make sure your DB credentials are correct.
• Migration already ran but didn't update the table? Try manually deleting the relevant row from the migrations table and re-running the migration.
• Class not found errors : Run composer dump-autoload — sometimes Laravel can't find your model classes because they haven't been autoloaded yet.
• SQL errors in migration : Look closely at the error message — often it points directly to the problem like a typo in a column name or constraint.

If you're stuck, try running the command with the -v flag ( php artisan migrate -v ) to get more detailed output.

A couple of best practices to follow

Migrations are powerful, but they can also cause headaches if not handled carefully:

• Always test migrations locally before running them on production.
• Use rollback commands sparingly in production — better to write a new migration to fix something than roll back and risk data loss.
• Name your migrations clearly so you can understand what each one does without opening the file.
• Don't forget to commit your migration files to version control — otherwise, other developers (or your future self) won't be able to recreate the database correctly.

Also, if you're building APIs or microservices, consider separating your migrations into service-specific directories to avoid conflicts.

基本上就這些。 Running migrations in Laravel is straightforward most of the time, but knowing how to handle edge cases and keep your database in sync across environments makes a big difference.

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