


How to fix PHP Curl HTTPS Certificate Authority issues on Windows
Nov 11, 2024 pm 12:24 PMA successful HTTPS request involves the HTTP client validating the server-provided TLS certificate against a list of known and trusted root certificates. The PHP Curl extension is not different; the Curl extension uses libcurl to make the HTTPS request, and libcurl, which in turn uses a TLS library such as OpenSSL to validate the request.
The Curl extension requires a valid file containing all of the trusted root certificates to complete the HTTPS validation, and PHP exposes this as a directive in the php.ini file.
On Linux, BSD, and macOS, libcurl can default to the system root certificates, but this is not possible on Windows because Windows does not come with a single file containing all of the system root certificates.
This article discusses two possible approaches to successfully make HTTPS requests on with the Curl extension, and what not to do that can leave HTTPS requests insecure.
Why it fails
$ch?=?curl_init('https://php.watch');?? curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,?true);?? curl_exec($ch);?//?false?? curl_error($ch); //?SSL?certificate?problem:?unable?to?get?local?issuer?certificate
If the curl_exec calls fail with a false response, and if curl_error indicates an SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate error, this means Curl was not provided a file containing root certificates, or it was unable to discover it.
This error is uncommon on Linux, BSD, and macOS systems, but quite common on Windows because there is no designated file to obtain the root certificates, and the PHP does not ship a root certificate list on its own.
The solution is to provide a file containing up to date root certificates, or ideally, let Curl parse the native root store that the underlying operating system provides.
Use Native Certificate Authorities
On Curl 7.71 and later, it is possible to set a Curl option to request Curl to use the native (system) root certificates. This works even on Windows, where Curl parses system root certificates and uses them.
When CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS option is set to CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA or a bitmask containing those bits, Curl attempts to use the native root certificate store, subject to the capabilities and versions of the underlying TLS library.
This is the recommended fix, if the Curl extension is built with Curl 7.71 or later and PHP 8.2 and later.
?$ch?=?curl_init('https://php.watch'); ??curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,?true); ???curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS,?CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA); ????curl_exec($ch);
Note the snippet above does not check the Curl version and the PHP version, and assumes both PHP and Curl version requirements are met. The following is an example showing conditionally adding the Curl option:
$ch?=?curl_init('https://php.watch');?? curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,?true);?? if?(defined('CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA')?? ??&&?version_compare(curl_version()['version'],?'7.71',?'>='))?{?? ????curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS,?CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA); }?? curl_exec($ch);
Download and maintain a cacert.pem file
For applications running on PHP versions older than 8.2 (where CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA constant is unavailable), or when the Curl version is older than 7.71, the recommended alternative solution is to download a Curl-compatible root certificate file, and configure PHP or the Curl request to use it.
The Curl project maintains an up to date list of certificates. See CA Certificates extracted from Mozilla.
Download the cacert.pem file
- Move the file to a directory accessible by PHP and the web server. For example, to C:/php/cacert.pem.
Edit the php.ini file and modify the curl.cainfo entry to point to the absolute path to the cacert.pem file.
$ch?=?curl_init('https://php.watch');?? curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,?true);?? curl_exec($ch);?//?false?? curl_error($ch); //?SSL?certificate?problem:?unable?to?get?local?issuer?certificate
Optionally, restart the Web server (such as Apache) to reload the INI file.
The downside of this approach is that the cacert.pem file must be updated routinely. The cacert.pem file provided by Curl project, for example, is extracted from the root store maintained by Mozilla. On average, this list and the file get updated 4-5 times a year. To ensure compatibility with the latest root certificates list, make sure to update the local copy of this file regularly
If it is not possible to modify the INI file, specify the absolute path to the cacert.pem file within a Curl request as well:
?$ch?=?curl_init('https://php.watch'); ??curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,?true); ???curl_setopt($ch,?CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS,?CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA); ????curl_exec($ch);
On PHP 8.2 ?with Curl 7.77, it is possible to a string containing the cacert.pem contents with the CURLOPT_CAINFO_BLOB option.
The above is the detailed content of How to fix PHP Curl HTTPS Certificate Authority issues on Windows. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

Hot AI Tools

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics

PHPbecamepopularforwebdevelopmentduetoitseaseoflearning,seamlessintegrationwithHTML,widespreadhostingsupport,andalargeecosystemincludingframeworkslikeLaravelandCMSplatformslikeWordPress.Itexcelsinhandlingformsubmissions,managingusersessions,interacti

TostaycurrentwithPHPdevelopmentsandbestpractices,followkeynewssourceslikePHP.netandPHPWeekly,engagewithcommunitiesonforumsandconferences,keeptoolingupdatedandgraduallyadoptnewfeatures,andreadorcontributetoopensourceprojects.First,followreliablesource

TosettherighttimezoneinPHP,usedate_default_timezone_set()functionatthestartofyourscriptwithavalididentifiersuchas'America/New_York'.1.Usedate_default_timezone_set()beforeanydate/timefunctions.2.Alternatively,configurethephp.inifilebysettingdate.timez

TovalidateuserinputinPHP,usebuilt-invalidationfunctionslikefilter_var()andfilter_input(),applyregularexpressionsforcustomformatssuchasusernamesorphonenumbers,checkdatatypesfornumericvalueslikeageorprice,setlengthlimitsandtrimwhitespacetopreventlayout

ThePhpfunctionSerialize () andunserialize () AreusedtoconvertcomplexdaTastructdestoresintostoraSandaBackagain.1.Serialize () c OnvertsdatalikecarraysorobjectsraystringcontainingTypeandstructureinformation.2.unserialize () Reconstruct theoriginalatataprom

You can embed PHP code into HTML files, but make sure that the file has an extension of .php so that the server can parse it correctly. Use standard tags to wrap PHP code, insert dynamic content anywhere in HTML. In addition, you can switch PHP and HTML multiple times in the same file to realize dynamic functions such as conditional rendering. Be sure to pay attention to the server configuration and syntax correctness to avoid problems caused by short labels, quotation mark errors or omitted end labels.

The key to writing clean and easy-to-maintain PHP code lies in clear naming, following standards, reasonable structure, making good use of comments and testability. 1. Use clear variables, functions and class names, such as $userData and calculateTotalPrice(); 2. Follow the PSR-12 standard unified code style; 3. Split the code structure according to responsibilities, and organize it using MVC or Laravel-style catalogs; 4. Avoid noodles-style code and split the logic into small functions with a single responsibility; 5. Add comments at key points and write interface documents to clarify parameters, return values ??and exceptions; 6. Improve testability, adopt dependency injection, reduce global state and static methods. These practices improve code quality, collaboration efficiency and post-maintenance ease.

Yes,youcanrunSQLqueriesusingPHP,andtheprocessinvolveschoosingadatabaseextension,connectingtothedatabase,executingqueriessafely,andclosingconnectionswhendone.Todothis,firstchoosebetweenMySQLiorPDO,withPDObeingmoreflexibleduetosupportingmultipledatabas
