Can you chain multiple pseudo-classes together?
Jul 04, 2025 am 03:16 AM
Yes, pseudo-classes can be used in combination. CSS allows multiple conditional matching by writing multiple pseudo-classes continuously, such as a:hover:visited; but the order is crucial, especially for linking pseudo-classes. The correct order is: link, :visited, :hover, :active; common scenarios include li:nth-child(odd):hover and input:invalid:focus; attention should be paid to logical conflicts, readability and maintenance issues.
Yes, you can use multiple pseudo-classes together. This writing is common in CSS, especially when you want to apply styles to elements that meet multiple conditions.
What is a pseudo-class?
Pseudo-classes are used to define the special state or position of an element. For example :hover means mouse hover, :nth-child() means child elements at a certain position, :visited means visited links, etc.
When you want to match multiple states at the same time, you can write these pseudo-classes together.
How to correctly connect multiple pseudo-classes?
Syntax, no symbols are needed between pseudo-classes, just write them continuously. For example:
a:hover:visited {
color: purple;
} But note: In this example :hover and :visited act on a link at the same time. In fact, browsers have requirements for the priority of certain pseudo-classes. For example :visited should be placed in front of :link and :hover to take effect. So although it can be written in a chain, the order is particular.
Common link style orders are recommended as follows:
a:link {}
a: visited {}
a:hover {}
a:active {} If you write a:hover:visited , it won't actually work, because :visited must be defined first.
Examples of practical scenarios
1. Hover for specific locations
li:nth-child(odd):hover {
background-color: #f0f0f0;
} This code means: Select all odd digits in the <li> elements and change the background color when hovering.
2. Style when the form input box gets focus and is in invalid state
input:invalid:focus {
border-color: red;
}Meaning: When the content of an input box is illegal (such as a erroneous format) and the focus is obtained, the border turns red.
Notes and common misunderstandings
-
<li> The order is important : especially in link pseudo-classes (
:link , :visited , :hover , :active ), the wrong order may cause the style to fail.
<li> Not all pseudo-classes can be used together : some pseudo-classes have logical conflicts, such as :empty and :hover are used simultaneously without meaning.
<li> Performance issues? Generally speaking, it does not affect performance, but if the nesting is too deep or too complex, it may affect readability and maintenance.
Basically that's it. The use of multiple pseudo-classes is a very practical function of CSS. You can use it flexibly by mastering the order and applicable scenarios.
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