The key to Java exception handling is to distinguish between checked and unchecked exceptions and use try-catch, finally and logging reasonably. 1. Checked exceptions such as IOException need to be forced to handle, which is suitable for expected external problems; 2. Unchecked exceptions such as NullPointerException are usually caused by program logic errors and are runtime errors; 3. When catching exceptions, they should be specific and clear to avoid general capture of Exceptions; 4. It is recommended to use try-with-resources to automatically close resources and reduce manual cleaning of code; 5. In exception handling, detailed information should be recorded in combination with the log framework to facilitate subsequent debugging and maintenance.

Java exception handling is an inevitable part of development, especially when you face common exceptions such as NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, or IOException. The key is not to avoid them altogether, but to learn how to effectively catch and handle these exceptions in the code, making the program more robust and easier to maintain.

Understand and distinguish between Checked and Unchecked exceptions

Exceptions in Java are divided into two categories: checked (checked) and unchecked (not tested). IOException is a typical checked exception, and the compiler will force you to handle it; while NullPointerException and ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException belong to unchecked and are usually caused by program logic errors.

• Checked exception : suitable for situations where it is expected but uncontrollable, such as file not existing, network connection failure, etc.
• Unchecked exception : usually a program bug, such as accessing empty objects, arrays that go beyond bounds, etc.

It is recommended to use these two types reasonably when designing APIs, and do not abuse throws Exception. You should clearly throw specific exception types so that the caller can better understand and handle them.

When catching exceptions using try-catch block, you should be specific

Many people are used to writing catch (Exception e) directly when writing catch. Although doing so is easy, it may cover up the real problem. For example:

 try {
    // some code
} catch (Exception e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

Although this code can prevent the program from crashing, you have no idea what is wrong. A better approach is to catch specific exceptions on demand:

 try {
    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("data.txt"));
    String line = reader.readLine();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
    System.out.println("Specified file not found");
} catch (IOException e) {
    System.out.println("Error occurred while reading the file");
}

This not only improves the readability of the code, but also facilitates subsequent debugging and logging.

Use finally and try-with-resources

Finally blocks are used to perform cleanup operations, such as closing streams or database connections. But if you are using Java 7 and above, it is recommended to use try-with-resources to simplify resource management:

 try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("data.txt"))) {
    String line = reader.readLine();
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

This method automatically closes the resource without manually writing finally blocks to reduce the probability of errors.

However, it is important to note:

• The resource must implement the AutoCloseable interface
• If both try and finally throw exceptions, the exception in finally will overwrite the exception in try, resulting in information loss

Don't ignore exception information, logging is crucial

Many developers just print stack trace when encountering exceptions, or simply do nothing. This practice will make the problem difficult to track. The correct way is to combine logging frameworks (such as Log4j, SLF4J) to record exception information:

 catch (IOException e) {
    logger.error("File reading failed", e);
}

This not only allows you to see the exception type in the log, but also see the complete stack information, which is very helpful for troubleshooting problems.

In addition, try to add context instructions for exception information, such as "Failed to read the configuration file config.properties", rather than simply saying "IO exception".

Basically that's it. Exception handling is not to cover up errors, but to allow the program to respond gracefully when problems arise. If you spend more time on details, it will be much easier to maintain later.

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